Essay on Energy Supply and
Geopolitics in Indonesia
Geopolitics
is a study of political phenomena from geographic aspects. Geopolitics is seen
as a science that provides an objective insight into the position of society as
a nation that lives side by side and interacts with other countries in the
world. It is because every change that occurs in the life of a nation can
affect the lives of other nations in the region both directly and indirectly.
Therefore, each nation must be able to understand the geopolitical dynamics of
the region that occur as a capital of both regional and global geopolitical
views to create policies that can achieve optimal benefits for the interests of
the nation (Wijaya, 2013).
In
the geopolitical thinking, the creation of interaction between space and humans
that gave birth to space awareness, both directly and indirectly related to the
interests of security and welfare for humans. In the context of the modern
state, the concept of spatial awareness is realized by the existence of claims
of sovereignty, which are bounded by national boundaries (boundary) with a set
of laws and apparatus to ensure security and sovereignty. Today's contemporary
geopolitics has been characterized by competition and cooperation between
nations in several fields in human life, namely politics, economics, and the
military. In this case, the maritime domain has become one of the means of
competition as well as international cooperation because many countries
emphasize maritime security issues as part of national interests, including the
issue of energy security (Hikam, 2014).
Related
to this, the existence of energy resources has become a vital thing for human
life. In 2012, energy demand in Indonesia reached 44 percent and continues to
increase every year. The imbalance between energy demand and supply driven by
the rapid rate of population growth and the rapid development and
industrialization in Indonesia has resulted in the depletion of large amounts
of energy reserves. This has caused the position of Indonesia's energy security
to decline in recent years. In this regard, Indonesia's energy security, both
in terms of availability of energy sources, affordability of energy supply, and
the continued development of new renewable energy, ranked 69th out of 129
countries in 2014. Especially with the proportion of petroleum that has become
the main source of energy currently reaches 40% of total world energy demand
but reserves continue to decrease. The increase in production which only
reached 0.9% as well as the global oil reserves which are decreasing make each
country in the world vulnerable to the risk of a world energy crisis, including
Indonesia (Kemenperin, 2016).
Based
on its geographical location, Indonesia has a strategic position as an economic
traffic lane. This condition certainly does not only bring positive impacts but
also presents certain challenges for energy security which are very vulnerable
to the harmful impacts of climate change. As an island nation, the Government
of Indonesia must be able to ensure that the entire population has access to
reliable energy sources. But unfortunately, the Indonesian government is still
unable to provide this. In 2013, Indonesia's energy supply reached 1.61 billion
barrels of oil equivalent, with most of the energy supplied by fossil fuels,
specifically 46.08 percent of oil, 30.9 percent of coal, and 18.26 percent of
natural gas. This means that less than five percent of energy supply comes from
renewable sources (Cheney, 2018).
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